Chiral oxazolines are a type of important chiral heterocycles compound, which are not only present in many biologically active natural products and drug small molecules with physiological activity, but also in chiral cofactors and chiral ligands often used in chiral synthesis. Currently, the asymmetric synthesis of chiral oxazolines still relies on the condensation between chiral amino alcohols and carboxylic acid derivatives. However, due to the limited availability of chiral amino alcohols and the tedious synthetic route, the development of highly efficient and straightforward methods for chiral oxazolines synthesis via asymmetric catalysis is of significant synthetic value. In this paper, we have summarized the recent advances in the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of chiral oxazoline derivatives through transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis, including asymmetric Aldol reactions, asymmetric clizations and others.